This scene is from Siegfried in Volume II of Margaret Armour’s
translation of Richard
Wagner's Der Ring des
Nibelungen. Wagner based his work largely on Old
Norse sources preserved in Iceland and, to a lesser extent, on
the German heroic poem Nibelunglied.
This illustration is from Special
Collections in the MacPherson
Library at the University of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada. Call number: ML410 W195A7
Rights:
This illustration from Siegfried is in
the public domain.
Research notes, early print reviews, etc.:
Richard Wagner's Der Ring Des Nibelungen is
commonly referred to in English as The Ring Cycle.
The individual operas are 1) Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold), 2) Die
Walküre / Die Valküre (The Valkyrie), 3) Siegfried and 4)
Götterdämmerung (The Twilight
of the Gods).
Árni Björnsson notes in Wagner and the Volsungs: Icelandic
Sources of Der Ring Des Nibelungen that
"the names and conduct of the gods are largely consistent with the
descriptions given in the Prose Edda of Óðinn, Frigg, Freyja, Freyr, Þórr
and Loki (SnE G20-35). The names have, however, existed in various different
forms in Germanic dialects, and Wagner creates their characters with
considerable freedom" (134).
Björnsson notes in Wagner and the Volsungs: Icelandic
Sources of Der Ring des Nibelungen that “Here, for the first
time in the Ring, Fafner is specifically stated to be in the form of a
dragon (German Wurm, like Icelandic ormr, can mean both snake and dragon.
This is consistent with the eddic poem Reginsmal
(prose after stanza 14) and the Prose Edda (SnE
S40), and Volsunga saga” (Ch. 14).
Bibliography:
Primary Source
Wagner,
Richard. Der Ring des
Nibelungen
Leipzig: von J. J. Weber,
1863.
Editions and Translations
Wagner,
Richard. Sigfried & The Twilight of the Gods.
Translated by
Margaret
Armour,
London: William Heinemann
Ltd.
1911.
―. The Rhine Gold & The Valkyrie.
Translated by
Margaret
Armour,
London: William Heinemann
Ltd.
1939.
Secondary Sources
Björnsson,
Árni. Wagner and the Volsungs : Icelandic Sources of Der Ring des
Nibelungen. London: Viking
Society for Northern Research, 2003.
Der Ring des Nibelungen
(artifact) (ger.)
Alberich's Ring (en.)
The magic ring created by Alberich from the treasure that he stole
from the Rhinemaidens. The ring of power that enables its wearer to
dominate others. Alberich placed a curse on it when the gods forced him
to give to them. The gods need the gold and the ring to pay ransome to
the giants who have abducted Freia.
Rheingold (ger.)
Rheingold (en.)Richard
Wagner invented the treasure of gold that the Rhinemaidens guard in Der
Ring Des Nibelungen. It can only be taken from them by someone who has
renounced love.
Tarnhelm (ger.)
Also referred to as the "Helm of Awe" or the "Helm of Terror" in
Richard Wagner's Der Ring des
Nibelungen The helm has the power to change its wearer into
another shape and also to make it wearer invisible.
Giants and Giantesses
Fafner (ger.)
one of the giants in Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, who built the fortress Walhalla
for the gods and were promised that they would have the goddess Freia as
payment. Wotan persuades to the giants to give back Freia in exchange
for the Rhinegold. Fafner and Fasolt argue about how to divide the gold
between them. Fafner kills Fasolt and later changes himself into a
dragon in order to guard the gold. Fafner is eventually killed by the
hero Sigfried.
Nouns
Edwardian (en.)The
Edwardian era began with the reign of King Edward VII, 1901 to 1910
(January 22, 1901 - July 28, 1914). However, the era's end date is
sometimes extended to the beginning of World War 1 (28 July
1914).
Victorian (en.)The
Victorian era began with the reign of Queen Victoria and ended with her
death (June 20, 1837 – January 22, 1901).
Der Ring des Nibelungen (ger.)
The Ring Cycle (en.)
A group of four German operas composed by Richard Wagner that is
collectively known as Der Ring des
Nibelungen and in English as The Ring Cycle.
The individual operas are 1) Das Rheingold (The
Rhinegold), 2) Die Walküre / Die Valküre (The
Valkyrie), 3) Siegfried and 4) Götterdämmerung (The Twilight of the Gods). Wagner based
his work largely on Old Norse sources preserved in Iceland and to a
lesser extent on the German heroic poem Nibelunglied.
Siegfried
(opera) (ger.): The third of four German operas composed by
Richard Wagner that is collectively known as Der Ring des Nibelungen and in English as
The Ring Cycle. The individual operas are 1) Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold), 2) Die Walküre / Die Valküre (The Valkyrie), 3) Siegfried and 4) Götterdämmerung (The Twilight of the Gods). Wagner based
his work largely on Old Norse sources preserved in Iceland and to a
lesser extent on the German heroic poem Nibelunglied.
Source Persons
Armour,
Margaret (en.)
b. September 10, 1860
d. October 13, 1943
Nationality: Scottish
Occupation: poet, novelist, and translator
In 1910, Armour translated the four operas comprising Richard Wagner's
Der Ring des Nibelungen into
English. Her translation was published in two volumes. 1) Volume One:
Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold), and Die Walküre / Die Valküre (The
Valkyrie) was published in 1910, and Volume Two: Siegfried and
Götterdämmerung (The Twilight of the Gods) was published in 1911. The
volumes were illustrated by Arthur Rackham with a total of sixty-four
watercolours, as well as black and white vignettes and
tailpieces.
Rackham,
Arthur (en.)
b. 1867
d. 1939
Nationality: English
Occupation: illustrator
Residence: London
One of the most prominent illustrators during the Golden Age of
British Book Illustration (c. 1880 - 1930). His illustrations of Norse
mythology frequently appeared in "Little Folks" which were collected and
published in the Land of Enchantment. Rackham
also created 64 watercolours for the English translation of Richard
Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen
(1863), known in English as The Ring
of the Niblung, and sometimes as The
Ring Cycle. Rackham's illustrations first appeared in
Volume 1 of Margaret Armour's English translation, The Rhinegold and The Valkyrie, was published (1910),
and in Volume 2, Siegfried and The Twilight of the
Gods (1911). The images in MyNDIR are from the
1939 edition, with Rackham's illustration, and all four of the operas in
one volume.
Wagner,
Richard (ger.)
b. 16 September 1800
d. 4 December 1886
Nationality: German
Occupation: Author, Teacher and Philologist
Residence: Leipzig, Germany
German composer, theatre director, and conductor who wrote both the
music and the libretto for Der Ring des
Nibelungen opera.
